A Life in Astronomy

This is a video of one member of our group when she presented her Astronomy project. This is how we learn in our class.

And this is the another video about wormhole...quite interesting!

 

To be a star, you must shine your own light, follow your own path, and don't worry about the darkness, for that is when the stars shine brightest.

We and our friends.

Galileo Anime

Supernova (shortcut)

supernova explosion

M51 & Gizmo: Half-Baked Plan

Hoping for his birthday to come around sooner, innocent alien M51 moves the Earth into a closer, faster orbit around the sun, and learns an important lesson about life in the Universe.

What Makes Earth Special Compared to Other Planets??

"...Earth is one special planet...."



It has liquid water, plate tectonics, and an atmosphere that shelters it from the worst of the sun's y scientists agree our planet's most special feature might just be us.


Water World

To enable life, this most special of attributes, planet Earth has a number of ideal features. It is unique among planets in our solar system for having water in its liquid form at the surface, in an amount conducive to life evolving.


"The most impressive attribute of the Earth is the existence and amount of liquid water on its surface," said Geoffrey Marcy, an astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley who has helped discover dozens of extrasolar planets. No one knows why Earth has the exact amount of water it does, which is relatively small considering that water molecules outnumber silicate molecules in the galaxy, he said.


"The Earth is remarkable for its precisely-tuned amount of water, not too much to cover the mountains, and not so little that it's a dry desert, as are Mars and Venus, our 'sister' planets," he said.

This image, taken while the satellite MESSENGER was 34,692 miles (55,831 kilometers) above Earth, shows the Galapagos Islands as tiny specks peeking through clouds. The line dividing day and night cuts through South America, with night about to fall on the western half of the continent. Credit: NASA/JHU/APL

Goldilocks planet

Earth's water is also special in that it has remained liquid for so long. How has Earth been able to hold on to its oceans while those on other planets freeze or fry?


"Many details as to why Earth is the only planet with liquid water in our solar system need to be worked out," said Diana Valencia, a graduate student in Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University. "Certainly the distance to the sun has made it possible. A planet much farther in would receive too much energy from the sun, and a planet too far out would quickly freeze."


Our planet's Goldilocks-like "just right" location in the solar system has helped, as has its system of plate tectonics — the slip-sliding movements of Earth's crust that are thought to have created the planet's towering mountain ranges and plummeting ocean depths.


"The fact that Earth has plate tectonics allows for the carbon-silicate cycle to operate over geological timescales," Valencia said. "With the carbon-silicate cycle, the levels of carbon in the atmosphere get regulated to keep the surface temperature around that of liquid water."


Plate tectonics and water are inextricably linked. Not only does plate tectonics enable liquid water to exist by way of regulating the temperature, but many scientists have argued water enables plate tectonics to happen.


"Without water the planet would be geologically dead," said Caltech's Mike Brown, discoverer of the newly reclassified "plutoid" object named Eris, which lies beyond Pluto in our solar system. "Water is what lubricates plate tectonics, which is what leads to the extreme difference between continents and seafloors, the large amount of earthquakes and volcanoes, fresh mountain-building. Venus has no water, no plate tectonics, no deep sea floor, no steep mountains, no continents, probably few earthquakes or volcanoes. A much less geologically interesting place!"


Another "just-right" aspect of Earth is its size: If it was much smaller, it wouldn't be able to hold on to our precious atmosphere, but much larger and it might be a gas giant too hot for life.


The presence of our big brother planet, Jupiter, farther out in the solar system blocking Earth from much of the incoming debris, has also helped Earth become a safe haven for life. Jupiter acts like a giant broom, sweeping the solar system of debris — rocks as small as cars and as huge as moons — that could snuff out life in one fatal blow. This protective effect was particularly helpful in the solar system's early years, when Earth still got pummeled but, scientists say, not nearly as bad as would have been the case without Jupiter.

This artist's impression shows a newly discovered trio of super-Earths orbiting a sun-like star, HD 40307. Credit: ESO.

A friendly moon

Life on Earth may also owe a debt to our nearest celestial neighbor, the moon.
Earth's moon stabilizes our planet's rotation, preventing drastic movements of the poles that could cause massive changes in climate that some scientists think could have doomed any chance for budding life to form or evolve.


The moon also helpfully pulls the ocean's tides, which scientists suggest might have been the perfect place for early life to begin evolving to survive on land.


Though Earth has the necessary ingredients for life, it's unclear whether the development of life here might have been a one-time fluke, or if it's something that happens pretty much everywhere the conditions are right.


Rare Earth

All of these features make Earth special among known planets near and far.


"You hear all the time how Earth-like Mars is, but if you were taken to Mars you wouldn't feel happy there at all," said University of Washington astronomer Don Brownlee, author of the book "Rare Earth" (Springer, 2003). "It's not Earth-like. And Titan, when the [Huygens] probe landed, there was all this stuff in the media about how Earth-like it is. Earth-like? It is completely different. It has all this methane on the surface. Venus has about the same mass [as Earth], almost the same distance from the sun. But it's a totally different place — no oceans, no plate tectonics — and it's not a place you would want to be."


So far, we haven't seen any planet outside the solar system come very close to Earth either.
Of the nearly 300 new worlds glimpsed elsewhere in the galaxy, most are "hot Jupiters" — large planets that orbit close to their stars, on which life and liquid water are unlikely to exist.


"I doubt that in our galaxy typical stars have planets just like Earth around them," Brownlee said. "I'm sure there are lots of planets in the galaxy that are somewhat similar to Earth, but the idea that this is a typical planet is nonsensical."


Brownlee's view may be in the minority, however.


Not-so-special Earth

As our planet-hunting technology improves, many planet hunters expect to find Earth's twin. The search has led scientists to debate whether Earth is really as special as we think it is.


"In the past 10 years, everything has been pointing in the direction of, 'Hey, the solar system, which we thought was unique, is not unique at all,'" said Alan Boss.


Boss and many other scientists think it's likely that some form of life exists on some of those countless other planets out there.


"Certainly there will be other planets that support life," he said. "I think life is actually quite common. I think we're going to find there are literally billions of them in the galaxy."

SUPERNOVA

SUPERNOVA

What is Supernova??

Supernova is a stellar explosion that is more energetic than a nova, Supernovae are extremely luminous and cause a burst of radiation that often briefly outshines an entire galaxy, before fading from view over several weeks or months.

Why it’s happened?

It’s happen when the star was expired because of it’s age make the number of mass higher until it pass the limit of itself.




Basic types of supernovae

Type I Supernovae

  It starts with a pair of stars, one will enlarge becoming more massive which will spill the gas to the smaller star, the lighter star and the core of the giant star spiral toward a common envelope which is ejected. They become closer to each other and the core of the giant star becomes a white dwarf. The smaller star will spill gas onto the white dwarf causin its mass to increase until it explodes and the smaller star is ejected.

Type II Supernovae

Stars with at least nine solar masses of material evolve in a complex fashion. In the core of the star, hydrogen is fused into helium and the thermal energy released creates an outward pressure, which maintains the core in hydrostatic equilibrium and prevents collapse

When the core's supply of hydrogen is exhausted, this outward pressure is no longer created. The core begins to collapse, causing a rise in temperature and pressure which becomes great enough to ignite the helium and start a helium-to-carbon fusion cycle, creating sufficient outward pressure to halt the collapse. The core expands and cools slightly, with a hydrogen-fusion outer layer, and a hotter, higher pressure, helium-fusion center.

BIG BANG THEORY

Have you ever wonder how human was created, how the earth was created and how the universe was created? Of course there are many theories about how the universe was created. The Christian believe that god created this universe. But most of the scientists believe in the BIG BANG THEORY



And what is the BIG BANG THEORY?


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSZqhqR5XKM

 The universe was created by the explosion for 14billion yrs ago. This explosion is known as the big bang. Before that explosion there is no time no space no energy and no matter. And for unknown reason, the little spot of pure energy explode faster than the light. So from just about nothing, space, expands to big size.


After the big bang, the universe gets cooler. Next the dust and the clouds start to spin and stick together. Some spots are hotter so it emits more. This is the birth of all stars.

All of this area is called galaxy.

The origin of the BIG BANG THEORY was created by a priest name George Lermat.

And the formula E=mc2 of Einstein. It said ‘if the energy was created by matter on the other hand how couldn’t matter created by energy’


This theory can be credited to Edwin Hubble. Hubble made the observation that the universe is continuously expanding. By observing another group of stars, it’s moving apart


until now, the universe still expands in every single second.

And this is the picture of the universe start from nothing. When it explode>When it expands >And now

**What you should remember**


1. The BIG BANG theory cannot be proved, so it is not law.


2. The word big bang was first used by the unsupported group of scientists.

The Largest Star

Largest Star by Massive : pistol star

-200 times of solar mass
-25000 light years far away


Largest Star by Luminosity : LBV 1806-20

-38 million solar luminosity
-30000-40000 light years far away






Largest Star by Radius : VY Canis Majoris

-1800 radii


-5000 light years far away


How could they know?

Massive-Star birth
Giant molecular cloud, GMC collapse because of the instability gravitational of the molecules.
And it became a protostar. Which some of them have larger mass than the sun but some don’t.

Luminousity
apparent magnitude
Δm = mf − mb
2.512Δm = ΔL
mf-magnitude number of a brighter star
mb- magnitude number of a fainter star
ΔL- variation in brightness
Radius
Angular size

It means if it far the angular size is small so we have to use the things to help.


Angular size(arc second) = size(km) / distances(parsec)




Things help to find angular size.


1.Inferometer


2. Telescope

The Father of MODERN SCIENCE!!!!

The Father of MODERN SCIENCE!!!!








Stephen Hawking said about this man that perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.










He was the one who discovered SATRURN!!!










YES!!!! GALIEO GALILEI!!!














Family and Children



- Galileo was born in Pisa , Italy, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous Musician


- At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35 km southeast of Florence










Academic Work




- He enrolled for a medical degree at the University of Pisa at his father's urging. He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics.


- In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610










Work


- Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass


- He invent thermometer in 1593.


- He also improved the gunpowder.


- In 1610 Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter. Later he made an 30X magnification.


- The next year Galileo visited Rome in order to demonstrate his telescope to the influential philosophers and mathematicians of the Jesuit Collegio Romano.

Astronomy Work



- He discovered three moons of Jupiter in 1610.


- Galileo observed phrases of Venus which support the Sun centered theory.


- He also observed Saturn and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system.


- Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots.

The Sun-centered theory


He observed sunspot and its movement and found that it was the proof that the theory of Earth centered theory(Ptolemy’s geocentric model) was wrong and this also confirmed Nicolaus Copernicus’s theory.

Church Controversy


Biblical references saying that


"the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved."


Psalm 104:5 says, "the Lord set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved."


Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that "And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place"






- By 1616 Galileo went to Rome to try to persuade the Catholic Church authorities not to ban his ideas.


- Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to "hold or defend" the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre.


- 1632, Galileo published The book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems which support his theory.


- The book made him arrested in charge of heresy because of the sun center theory.


- Galileo was sentence to shut in his own house for the rest of his life and all of his book were banned .